Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2021 Population

167,326

3.38% 1-year growth

US Senator

Chuck Schumer

Democratic Party

US Senator

Kirsten Gillibrand

Democratic Party

2021 Median Age

38.6

2.12% 1-year increase

2021 Poverty Rate

12.2%

5.56% 1-year decrease

2021 Median Household Income

$75,262

2.27% 1-year growth

2021 Median Property Value

$667,000

4.82% 1-year growth

2021 Employed Population

73,284

1.56% 1-year growth

About

In 2021, Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY had a population of 167k people with a median age of 38.6 and a median household income of $75,262. Between 2020 and 2021 the population of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY grew from 161,856 to 167,326, a 3.38% increase and its median household income grew from $73,591 to $75,262, a 2.27% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are Asian (Non-Hispanic) (32.2%), White (Non-Hispanic) (29.5%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (13.5%), Other (Hispanic) (10.3%), and White (Hispanic) (4.67%).

58.6% of the households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

85% of the residents in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in NYC-Queens Community District 8--Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are CUNY Queens College (4,883 degrees awarded in 2021), St. John's University-New York (4,397 degrees), and Rabbinical Seminary of America (87 degrees).

In 2021, the median property value in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was $667,000, and the homeownership rate was 47.4%.

Most people in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY used public transit to get to work, and the average commute time was 43.4 minutes. The average car ownership in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was 1 car per household.

Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY borders Flushing, Murray Hill & Whitestone PUMA, NY, Bayside, Douglaston & Little Neck PUMA, NY, Queens Village, Cambria Heights & Rosedale PUMA, NY, Elmhurst & South Corona PUMA, NY, Richmond Hill & Woodhaven PUMA, NY, and Jamaica, Hollis & St. Albans PUMA, NY.

United States New York

Population & Diversity

Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY is home to a population of 167k people, from which 85% are citizens. As of 2021, 46.3% of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY residents were born outside of the country (77.4k people).

In 2021, there were 1.09 times more Asian (Non-Hispanic) residents (53.8k people) in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY than any other race or ethnicity. There were 49.3k White (Non-Hispanic) and 22.5k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are Spanish (22,990 households), Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese) (17,063 households), and Bengali (11,015 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

84,765

Women

50.6%

82,646

Men

49.4%

The resident population of United States in 2021 was 167,411 inhabitants, with 49.4% men, and 50.6% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

85%

2021 Citizenship

84.1%

2020 Citizenship

As of 2021, 85% of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.4%. In 2020, the percentage of US citizens in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was 84.1%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY

Asian (Non-Hispanic)
53.8k ± 2.81k
White (Non-Hispanic)
49.3k ± 2.81k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
22.5k ± 2.34k

19.7%

Hispanic Population

33k people

19.7% of the people in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are hispanic (33k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

China
11,055 ± 2,495 people
Bangladesh
7,904 ± 2,131 people
Guyana
4,470 ± 1,619 people

In 2021, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was China, the natal country of 11,055 Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY residents, followed by Bangladesh with 7,904 and Guyana with 4,470.

Foreign-Born Population

46.3%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

77.4k people

47.1%

2020 Foreign-Born Population

76.2k people

As of 2021, 46.3% of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY residents (77.4k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.6%. In 2020, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was 47.1%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
22,990 households (14.9%)
Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
17,063 households (11.1%)
Bengali
11,015 households (7.14%)

58.6% of the households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is higher than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2021, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was Spanish. 14.9% of the households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
825 ± 213
Gulf War (2001-)
529 ± 243
Gulf War (1990s)
342 ± 163

Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.56 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY employs 73.3k people. The largest industries in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (5,595 people), Construction (5,245 people), and Restaurants & Food Services (4,930 people), and the highest paying industries are Apparel, piece goods, & notions merchant wholesalers ($128,909), Securities, commodities, funds, trusts & other financial investments ($128,140), and Legal services ($121,805).

Males in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY have an average income that is 1.14 times higher than the average income of females, which is $64,072. The income inequality in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY (measured using the Gini index) is 0.432, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

33,859

Women

46.9%

38,302

Men

53.1%

The workforce of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY in 2020 was 72,161 people, with 46.9% woman, and 53.1% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

73.3k

2021 Value

1.56%

1 Year growth

± 1.56%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY grew at a rate of 1.56%, from 72.2k employees to 73.3k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY, are Cashiers (1,954 people), Registered nurses (1,907 people), and Home health aides (1,874 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in New York (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

73.3k

2021 Value

1.56%

1 Year growth

± 1.56%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY grew at a rate of 1.56%, from 72.2k employees to 73.3k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY, are General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (5,595 people), Construction (5,245 people), and Restaurants & Food Services (4,930 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY, though some of these residents may live in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$51,377

Median earning men ± $2,950

$43,461

Median earning women ± $2,762

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2021 are Public Administration ($78,850), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($73,151), and Information ($70,750).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2021 are Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($68,319), Public Administration ($65,783), and Information ($56,929).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

Y-Axis

2.75%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 155M people employed in New York. This represents a 2.75% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in New York.

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Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 60.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (37.5%), followed by Other (0.813%).

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing the state of New York. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

New York is currently represented by 26 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY. Showing the available data for New York.

2020 Election Results

Joseph R Biden Jr. (60.4%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (37.5%)
Republican Party
Other (0.813%)
Alliance, American Solidarity, Becoming One Nation, Constitution, Independent, Other, Party For Socialism And Liberation, Prohibition, and The Birthday Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 60.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (37.5%), followed by Other (0.813%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in New York for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from New York

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

Chuck Schumer

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 3, 1999

Kirsten Gillibrand

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 26, 2009
Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Hillary Clinton, who had become Secretary of State.

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing New York.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in New York over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from New York

New York is currently represented by 26 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for New York have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2021, universities in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY awarded 9,367 degrees. The student population of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY in 2021 is skewed towards women, with 16,912 male students and 22,138 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are White (3,622 and 40.9%), followed by Asian (1,875 and 21.2%), Hispanic or Latino (1,790 and 20.2%), and Black or African American (981 and 11.1%).

The largest universities in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY by number of degrees awarded are CUNY Queens College (4,883 and 52.1%), St. John's University-New York (4,397 and 46.9%), and Rabbinical Seminary of America (87 and 0.929%).

The most popular majors in NYC-Queens Community District 8--Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are General Psychology (798 and 8.52%), Accounting (748 and 7.99%), and General Economics (429 and 4.58%).

The median tuition costs in NYC-Queens Community District 8--Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY are $26,931 for private four year colleges, and $6,930 and $14,880 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2021 in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY, the percentage of applicants admitted was 73.5%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 14.7%. The number of students enrolled in 2021 was 39,050 (43.3% men and 56.7% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2021 there were 39,050 students enrolled in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY, 43.3% men and 56.7% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 14,861 records, of which 54.5% were women and 45.5% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

General Psychology
766 degree-majors awarded
Accounting
507 degree-majors awarded
General Economics
429 degree-majors awarded

In 2021, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in NYC-Queens Community District 8--Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was General Psychology with 766 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in NYC-Queens Community District 8--Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

CUNY Queens College
4,883 degrees awarded
St. John's University-New York
4,397 degrees awarded
Rabbinical Seminary of America
87 degrees awarded

In 2021, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was CUNY Queens College with 4,883 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2021, 3,664 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY, which is 0.642 times less than the 5,703 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2021 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 3,622 degrees mean that there were 1.93 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Asian, with 1,875 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($26,931) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2021.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,600) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2021.

Public, 4-year or above ($1,364) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2021, 1.25% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 2.02% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY in 2021 were Bachelors Degree (31.8k), High School or Equivalent (27.6k), and Some college (24.9k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was $667,000 in 2021, which is 2.72 times larger than the national average of $244,900. Between 2020 and 2021 the median property value increased from $636,300 to $667,000, a 4.82% increase. The homeownership rate in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY is 47.4%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.6%.

People in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY have an average commute time of 43.4 minutes, and they used public transit to get to work. Car ownership in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY is lower than the national average, with an average of 1 car per household.

Median household income in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY is $75,262. In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was Battery Park City, Greenwich Village & Soho PUMA, NY with a value of $160,523, followed by Hempstead Town (East Central) PUMA, NY and Westchester County (Northeast) PUMA, NY, with respective values of $154,796 and $153,800.

Housing

Property

$667,000

Median Property Value 2021

±$25,468

$27,327

Median Property Taxes

±$1,427

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

47.4%

Homeownership

2021

65.1%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2021

In 2021, 47.4% of the housing units in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 46.1%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was Battery Park City, Greenwich Village & Soho PUMA, NY with a value of $160,523, followed by Hempstead Town (East Central) PUMA, NY and Westchester County (Northeast) PUMA, NY, with respective values of $154,796 and $153,800.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$75,262

Median Household Income

± $3,406

57.6k

Number of Households

± 2,208

In 2021, the median household income of the 57.6k households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY grew to $75,262 from the previous year's value of $73,591.

The following chart displays the households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.432

2021 Wage GINI in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY

0.443

2020 Wage GINI in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY

In 2021, the income inequality in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was 0.432 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 2.35% decline from 2020 to 2021, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2021

Public Transit (38.8%)
Drove Alone (37.3%)
Worked At Home (9.32%)

In 2021, 38.8% of workers in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY used public transit to get to work, followed by those who drove alone to work (37.3%) and those who worked at home (9.32%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

43.4 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY have a longer commute time (43.4 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.8 minutes). Additionally, 9.18% of the workforce in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

1 car

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY have 1 car.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

12.2% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY (19.8k out of 162k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.6%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Males < 5, followed by Females 45 - 54 and then Females 18 - 24.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY is Asian, followed by White and Hispanic.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

93.5% of the population of Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY has health coverage, with 41.9% on employee plans, 25.8% on Medicaid, 11% on Medicare, 14.7% on non-group plans, and 0.234% on military or VA plans.

Coverage

Health Care Diversity

In 2021, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 23.2% under 18 years, 22.3% between 18 and 34 years, 38.4% between 35 and 64 years, and 16.1% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.3% were men and 51.7% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

6.49%

Uninsured

41.9%

Employer Coverage

25.8%

Medicaid

11%

Medicare

14.7%

Non-Group

0.234%

Military or VA

Between 2020 and 2021, the percent of uninsured citizens in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY grew by 1.41% from 6.4% to 6.49%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Briarwood, Fresh Meadows & Hillcrest PUMA, NY changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.